Adaptation of Air Sacs for Gaseous Exchange

 

Adaptation for all transport :

1) large number of alveoli -> vary large surface area

2) thin layer of epidthellium -> short distance for diffusion

Adaptation for diffusion :

3) moist, covered by mucus -> dissolve and diffuse rapidly

4) covered by network of capillary -> oxygen can delivered to body rapidly , CO2 can delivered out the body rapidly,  create steeply concentration gradient to fasten diffusion

5) low blood pressure in nearby capillary -> stay longer time for gaseous exchange

Structural adaptation of halophytic plant for water

A) Reduce water loss :

• Leaf with thick waxy cuticle
• Sunken stomata
• Erect leaf to reduce heat adsorption
• Epidermal hair

B) Storage :

• Succulent leaves
• Succulent stems
• Succulent roots

C) Remove excess salt :

• Salt gland
• Active pump salt out root xylem
• Keep low molecular mass of carbohydrate to lower the water potential

Structural adaptation of xeromorphic plant for water

A) Reduce water loss : (Leaves)

Stomata :

• Reduction of stomata
• Sunken stomata
• Closure of stomata during day and open at night

Surface :

• Thick waxy cuticle
• Presense of hair

Leaves shape :

• rolling leaves
• needle leaves

B) Storage :

• Succulent of leaves
• Succulent of stems
• Succulent of roots

C) Increase water uptake : (Root)

• Deep and extensive root system
• shallow root system