| Aquatic vertebrates | Terrestrial vertebrates |
| -Body weigh supported by water | -Body weigh support by limb with strong muscle |
| -No limb and strong muscle necessary | -Limb and strong muscle necessary |
| -Less energy required for support | -More energy required for support |
| -Appendages in forms of fin rays | -Appendages in form of limb |
| -pelvic girdle does not connected to vertebral column | -pelvic girdle connected to vertebral column |
Cell types
| Parenchyma | Collenchyma | Sclerenchyma |
| -alive | -alive | -dead |
| -thin cell wall | -uneven thickening of cell wall, extra deposit of cellulose | -liginifed cell wall, empty lumen |
| -provide support when turgid | -mechanism support with elastivity | -strong mechanism support |
| -lots of intercellular space -may contain chlorophyll -unspecilized | -can growth without limiting other cell | -unable to elongate when mature |
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Stem anatomy
Root anatomy
The comparesion between the means of support of aquatic plant and terrestrial plant
| Terrestrial plant | Aquatic plant | |
| Collenchyma | V | X |
| Sclerenchyma | V | X |
| Air space | X | V |
| xylem | well developed to support, highlt lignified | poor developed, not to support |
Structural adaptation of xylem tissue
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Structural adaptation of phloem tissue
| Sieve tube:
Companion tube:
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